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Read the latest articles relevant to your clinical practice, including exclusive insights from Healthed surveys and polls.

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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Get Depressed Patients to Lift Weights

Resistance exercise training significantly reduces depressive symptoms, a new meta-analysis has found. According to international researchers who looked at over 30 randomised clinical trials on the subject, resistance exercise training including activities such as weight lifting reduced depressive symptoms by an average of a third. In fact, the meta-analysis findings suggested that resistance exercise training may be particularly helpful for reducing symptoms in patients with more severe depression. The study results, published in JAMA Psychiatry, concluded that only four people needed to be treated in order to have one to show significant benefit from the intervention. And the improvement inn depressive symptoms occurred regardless of the patient’s overall health status, the volume of resistance training exercise the patient undertook or any improvements in strength the patient experienced. And while the study authors made sure to point out their analysis was not comparing this exercise program with other treatments for depression, reducing symptoms by an average of a third certainly compares with other treatments currently available for this condition. “The available empirical evidence supports [resistance exercise training) as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for depressive symptoms,” the researchers said. What we still don’t know, apparently is exactly what sort of exercise, at what intensity, how frequently and for how long is required until a significant improvement in the depression is achieved. Many of the randomised controlled trials included in the meta-analysis did not measure all these parameters. What the researchers did find was that supervised training programs appeared more effective than non-supervised, which may reflect adherence to the exercise regimen. They also said the most common frequency of resistance exercise training was three times a week. The study authors suggested the limitations of the studies included in this analysis should help direct further research. “Future trials, matching different exercise modes on relevant features of the exercise stimulus, will allow more rigorous and controlled comparisons between exercise modalities, and the examination of interactions between factors such as frequency, intensity, duration and exercise modality,” they said. But regardless of the lack of fine print, the results of this moderate-sized effect of resistance exercise training reported in this study and the complete lack of adverse effects, would seem sufficient to justify recommending it to patients with depression, at least as an adjunctive treatment for one of Australia’s most common mental illnesses. Ref: JAMA Psychiatry doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0572

By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Vivienne Miller
  • Clinical Articles

What Now with Vaginal Mesh for Prolapse?

Based on an interview with Melbourne urologist, Dr Caroline Dowling conducted in March, 2018 Australia was the first country to ban vaginal mesh products used surgically via transvaginal implantation for the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse. Australia was also a leader in evaluating the complications of these implant, through large scale research.1 On November 28th 2017, the Therapeutic Goods Administration withdrew implants for use in prolapse, stating it “was of the belief that the benefits of using transvaginal mesh products in the treatment of pelvic organ prolapse do not outweigh the risks these products pose to patients”. There are unique risks related to mesh use. These include mesh erosion (up to 14% of cases)1, vaginal and groin pain (up to 3% to 4%)1 and mesh exposure. These complications may be more common and more severe (requiring surgery) if the mesh is used for prolapse repair, as opposed to the treatment of stress incontinence. Reports of complications associated with transvaginal mesh products began over a decade, with the Food and Drug Administration issuing an alert about their use back in 2008. Repeated warnings were then given. In 2013, legal action began in Australia with 300 women registering for a national class action against Johnson & Johnson Medical Australia. So what do GPs tell their patients who have a vaginal mesh in situ, and what alternative managements are there for vaginal prolapse and stress incontinence? Patients who feel they have complications should be reviewed by the surgeon who operated on them, but it worth noting that most women have had no problems with these products and so, in the absence of symptoms may be reassured that they need no further management. “Women who have no problems from their transvaginal mesh implants should be reassured that they do not require them to be removed,” says Melbourne urologist Dr Caroline Dowling There is not an inherent risk with mesh as an implant, it is used widely in general surgery for inguinal hernia and abdominal wound repair. Nonetheless, it would be wise to explain the possible side-effects of the vaginal mesh in case these occur in the future. Alternatives to the vaginal mesh implant are the traditional vaginal prolapse repair using native tissue, and these are effective procedures for most women seeking surgical treatment of their prolapse. There are several alternatives to mesh for the treatment of stress incontinence that has failed conservative therapy, including an autologous fascial sling, bulking agents and Burch colposuspension. In 2015, the Cochrane Incontinence Group concluded that mid-urethral slings were highly effective in the short-term and medium-term and had a good safety profile. The mid-urethral sling remains available in its retropubic and transobturator form, but patients can no longer access mini-slings or single incision slings outside trial settings. This may change once the results of longer term studies become available. Single incisions may have a more favourable side-effect profile than full-length slings. More conservative management includes pelvic floor exercises and silicon pessaries inserted for prolapse and stress incontinence treatment. Pelvic floor exercises may be difficult to do effectively and repeatedly for many women, especially over time. They may also be less effective in cases of significant cystocoele. Silicon pessaries are particularly useful in women who are symptomatic but wish to have further pregnancies, in women who do not want surgery, in the elderly and for those in poor health.3 Patients may need help with the insertion and correct placement, but pessaries work well and may be an underutilised option.
  1. A/Prof. Christopher Maher, Explaining the Vaginal Mesh Controversy. Royal Brisbane and Women's and Wesley Hospitals Brisbane, The University of Queensland. June 17th
https://medicine.uq.edu.au/article/2017/06/explaining-vaginal-mesh-controversy
  1. Ford et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Incontinence Group, July 2015.
http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006375.pub3/abstract
  1. Jones, K. Harmanli, O. Pessary Use in Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Urinary Incontinence. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876320

By Dr Vivienne Miller
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Dr David Palmer
  • Clinical Articles

What Is Lymphocytic Oesophagitis

The importance of eosinophils and neutrophils infiltrating oesophageal squamous epithelium as markers for reflux, eosinophilic oesophagitis, and infection are well entrenched, although traditionally less attention has been paid to lymphocytes. Small numbers of lymphocytes are normally seen in oesophageal epithelium including CD4 helper and CD8 positive cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, isolated increases in lymphocytes in the oesophageal epithelium, outside the context of entities such as lichen planus and graft versus host disease, have been less well recognised until recently. The criteria for a diagnosis of lymphocytic oesophagitis, where lymphocyte numbers are markedly increased with few or no eosinophils, is not strictly defined since this is still a reaction pattern and not a specific diagnosis per se, and thresholds vary from study to study. The strictest definition requires at least 50 intraepithelial or peripapillary lymphocytes per HPF with few or no granulocytes. The term lymphocytic oesophagitis was originally coined in 2005 by Rubio et al to describe a histological reaction pattern in the oesophagus of a series of 20 patients. The patients had a high number of peripapillary lymphocytes and a lack of neutrophils and eosinophils. The papillae are projections of lamina propria, containing capillaries, which project a short distance into the epithelium of the normal oesophagus. The pattern of lymphocytic oesophagitis showed an association with Crohn’s disease, though not a completely specific one. Of the 20 patients, 11 were age 17 or younger and of these, eight (40%) had Crohn’s disease; 20% had manifestations of reflux and the remainder a mixture of conditions including coeliac, gastroduodenitis, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. A similar study of 40 patients in 2008 was unable to confirm these findings. Looking at it from a different angle, Ebach et al studied 60 paediatric patients with known Crohn’s disease and control groups and found an association. Lymphocytic oesophagitis  which was found in 28% of patients with Crohn’s disease (mean age 13.3) but in only 2/30 patients with ulcerative colitis. A 2014 study of 580 paediatric patients confirms the association with Crohn’s disease, but also shows the non-specific nature of lymphocytic oesophagitis. This found 31 patients with lymphocytic oesophagitis and 49 with Crohn’s disease. Six of the 31 lymphocytic oesophagitis patients (19%) and 43 of the 514 non- lymphocytic oesophagitis patients (8.4%) had Crohn’s disease. The remaining lymphocytic oesophagitis patients had other diagnoses with no significant clinical correlates. Conversely, lymphocytic oesophagitis was identified in 12.2% of the patients with Crohn’s disease. Thus, there were still more lymphocytic oesophagitis patients without Crohn’s disease than with Crohn’s disease. In adults, the association with Crohn’s disease is not seen but there appears to be an association with oesophageal dysmotility. A 2011 study of over 129,000 patients from a large outpatient private GI pathology lab service revealed lymphocytic oesophagitis in only 119 patients, 60% female. Most patients had symptoms of oesophageal disease such as dysphagia or odynophagia, with dysphagia being the most common complaint, and around 20% complaining of reflux. Endoscopically, around a third of patients were suspected of having eosinophilic oesophagitis (including ‘feline oesophagus’ where the oesophagus has rings resembling that of a cat’s oesophagus), around 20% were normal, 18% had features suggestive of reflux, and 10% had stricture. However, none had Crohn’s disease or an association with Helicobacter gastritis. Although this study drew no firm conclusions as to the nature of lymphocytic oesophagitis in adults, the prevalence of dysphagia as a presenting complaint, and the number of patients with findings reminiscent of eosinophilic oesophagitis were noted. The association with dysmotility is enhanced by the finding that in adult patients, a lymphocytic oesophagitis with a complete absence of granulocytes was mostly seen in older female patients who presented with dysphagia and had an oesophageal motility disorder. CD4- and CD8-predominant lymphocytic oesophagitis occurs with roughly equal frequency. However, patients with CD4-predominant lymphocytic oesophagitis are more likely to be female (71%), and have a motility disorder (90% of those tested). This suggests a new entity of ‘dysmotility lymphocytic oesophagitis’. In summary, the reaction pattern of lymphocytic oesophagitis appears to be real, however, the term cannot be used as a wastebasket and true increased numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes must be seen. Clinical and endoscopic correlations determine the significance of any pathologist comment on increased numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium.
General Practice Pathology is a new regular column each authored by an Australian expert pathologist on a topic of particular relevance and interest to practising GPs. The authors provide this editorial, free of charge as part of an educational initiative developed and coordinated by Sonic Pathology.

By Dr David Palmer
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

LDL – The Lower the Better

Low density lipoprotein cholesterol is the well-known culprit in terms of cardiovascular risk. Courtesy of a large meta-analysis of statin trials done in 2010 (the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaboration), we know that for people starting with higher LDL-C levels (approximately 3.4 mmol/L), they can lower their risk of having a major adverse vascular event by 22%, every time they lower their LDL-C level by 1mmol/L. But what happens once your LDL level is lower? Can you continue to increase your protection by lowering your LDL levels further? Or does the beneficial effect plateau at a certain level? Or, worse still can very low LDL levels actually cause harm? A new meta-analysis just published in JAMA Cardiology has gone some way in answering these questions. The researchers analysed data from the 26 statin studies in the CTTC as well as three large trials of non-statin, cholesterol-lowering therapy looking at those patients who had an LDL-C level of 1.8 mmol/L or less at baseline. They found the cardioprotective benefits continued as LDL-C levels declined to even lower levels. “We found consistent clinical benefit from further LDL-C lowering in patient populations starting as low as a median of 1.6 mmol/L and achieving levels as low as a median of 0.5 mmol/L”. What’s more, the incremental benefit was of an almost identical magnitude to that seen when the LDL-C levels were higher - 21% relative risk reduction per 1-mmol/L reduction in LDL-C through this range. “This relative risk reduction is virtually the same as the 22% reduction seen in the overall CTTC analysis in which the starting LDL-C was nearly twice as high,” they said. And even though very low cholesterol levels have been rumoured to be associated with everything from cancer to dementia, across all these studies there were no offsetting safety concerns with LDL-C lowering, even when extremely low levels were recorded, levels that were lower than those seen in newborns. Given the weight of benefit over risk, the study authors suggest the current targets for LDL-C could be lowered further, to even as low as 0.5 mmol/L to reduce cardiovascular risk. This suggestion is supported by an accompanying editorial, in which the author, Dr Antonio Gotto, a New York cardiologist, predicts the findings will be included as part of the revision of the American Heart Association National Cholesterol guidelines which is currently underway. He said the study findings would provide much needed evidence to help clinicians manage patients with these extremely low achieved cholesterol levels, that until recently have been very rare. “Whether one calls it a target or a threshold, practicing physicians need some guidance as they venture into achieved levels of LDL-C levels that are as foreign as travel to outer space. I have confidence that the new guidelines will be closer to a global positioning system map rather than just a compass and the stars”, he concluded. Ref: JAMA Cardiol. Published online August 1, 2018. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.2258

By Dr Linda Calabresi
The dementia ‘tsunami’ is coming – but two potential medications offer hope
Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Predicting and Preventing Dementia

Adolescent boys who struggle to understand how basic machines work and young girls who have difficulty remembering words are at increased risk of developing dementia when they’re older, new research has found. According to the longitudinal study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, lower mechanical reasoning in adolescence in boys was associated with a 17% higher risk of having dementia when they were 70. With girls it was a lower memory for words in adolescence that increased the odds of developing the degenerative disease. It has been known for some time that the smarter you are throughout life, even as a child the less likely it is that you will develop dementia. Not a guarantee of protection – just a general trend. It has to do with cognitive reserve, the US researchers explain. “Based on the cognitive reserve hypothesis, high levels of cognitive functioning and reserve accumulated throughout the life course may protect against brain pathology and clinical manifestations of dementia,” they wrote. This theory has been supported by a number of studies such as the Scottish Mental Health Survey that showed that lower mental ability at age 11 increased the risk of dementia down the track. But what had been less well-defined was whether there were any particular aspects of intelligence in young people that were better predictors (or protectors) of dementia than others. This study goes some way to addressing this. Researchers were able to link sociobehavioural data collected from high school children back in 1960 with Medicare claims data over 50 years later that identified those people who had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Interestingly, poor adolescent performance in other areas of intelligence such as mathematics and visualisation were also associated with dementia but not nearly to the extent of mechanical reasoning and word memory. So why is this so? The study authors say there are a few possible explanations. Maybe the poor performance in adolescence reflected poor brain development earlier in life, a risk factor for dementia. Or maybe these adolescents are more susceptible to neuropathology as they get older? Or maybe they are the adolescents who adopt poor health behaviours such as smoking and little exercise? “Regardless of mechanism, our findings emphasise that early-life risk stretches across the life course,” they said. And what can be done about it? That’s the million-dollar question. The researchers say the hope is if we know the at-risk group we can get aggressive with preventive management early. “Efforts to promote cognitive reserve-building experiences and positive health behaviours throughout the life course may prevent or delay clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and related disorder.” An accompanying editorial takes this concept a little further. Dr Tom Russ, a Scottish psychiatrist says interventional research has identified a number of factors that can potentially influence cognitive reserve. These include modifiable health factors, education, social support, positive affect, stimulating activities and/or novel experiences, and cognitive training. As Dr Russ says, you can’t necessarily change all of these risk factors, and even the ones you can change may become less modifiable later in life. But as this study demonstrates, you may be able to work on a person’s cognitive reserve at different stages throughout their life to ultimately lower their risk of dementia.   Reference
  1. Huang AR, Strombotne KL, Horner EM, Lapham SJ, Adolescent Cognitive Aptitudes and Later-in-Life Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders. JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2018 Sep; 1(5): e181726. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2701735 doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1726.
  2. Russ TC, Intelligence, Cognitive Reserve, and Dementia: Time for Intervention? JAMA Network Open [Internet]. 2018 Sep; 1(5): e181724. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2701735 doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.1724.

By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Stillbirth a Higher Risk for New Australians

It appears we might still be failing some of our poorer migrant women, with new study finding that they have higher rates of stillbirth compared to Australian-born mothers. Analysing data from stillbirths that occurred in Western Australia over the period 2005 to 2013, researchers found that while stillbirth rates overall were low and often much lower than in these migrant women’s country of birth, they were higher in non-Australian born women, especially in those women who were born in Africa. Published recently in The Medical Journal of Australia, the study also took note of whether the deaths occurred in the antepartum period (between 20 weeks gestation up to before labour commences) or the intrapartum period (which is the period after labour has started), in an attempt to determine when and in whom intervention might be warranted. Researchers found the key factor was the woman’s country of birth rather than her ethnic origin, as there appeared no difference in stillbirth rates among white and non-white Australian-born women. However, women born in Africa were twice as likely to have a stillbirth in the weeks before going into labour compared with Australian-born women. And Indian-born women were 70% more likely. Migrant women born in other countries collectively had an increased risk of about 40% of an antepartum stillbirth. And frighteningly, it appeared the rates of stillbirth occurring once labour had started were also much higher than that which occurs in Australian born women. Almost twice the risk for most migrant women, and more than double that again for African-born women. “That the rate intrapartum stillbirth was twice as high among African women is especially worrying, as intrapartum stillbirth is regarded as preventable and indicative of inadequate quality of care,” the study authors wrote. So why is this happening, the researchers asked. Why is it, that, despite access to the same standard of healthcare as the rest of the Australian population, these women are more at risk of losing their babies, especially African-born women and especially so late in the pregnancy? The study authors suggest cultural issues may play a major role. They point to statistics that show African-born women are more likely to have pregnancies lasting 42 weeks or more, a well-recognised risk factor for stillbirth. Qualitative studies have also determined there is often, particularly among African-born women, a deeply-held suspicion of interventions in pregnancy believing them to interfere with the natural process of childbirth and possibly having long-term repercussions. Consequently, there is not only a poorer attention to antenatal care but also a resistance to procedures such as induction of labour and caesarean section. “More in-depth investigation of the patterns of health service use, pregnancy, and labour care for migrant women, particularly African migrants, is warranted,” the researchers said. They suggest education is the most likely solution, but the changing of what is likely to be long-held and culturally-associated attitudes will need both sensitivity and intelligence. “Culturally appropriate antenatal engagement and educational programs about the risk of stillbirth and the indications for and the safety of induction and related interventions may be useful preventive strategies,” they concluded.  

Reference

Mozooni M, Preen DB, Pennell CE. Stillbirth in Western Australia, 2005–2013: the influence of maternal migration and ethnic origin. Med J Aust. 2018; 209(9): 394-400. DOI 10.5694/mja18.00362
By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Challenging the Penicillin Allergy Label

It would be a brave doctor who would ignore the warning ‘allergic to penicillin’ when deciding which antibiotic to prescribe for a patient. But according to a new review published recently in JAMA, despite up to 10% of the population reporting allergies to penicillin, few have clinically significant reactions. “Although many patients report they are allergic to penicillin, clinically significant IgE-mediated or T lymphocyte-mediated penicillin hypersensitivity is uncommon (<5%),” the US review authors said. And the issue is an important one. As the authors point out, not only will patients, labelled as having a penicillin allergy be given alternative antibiotics that are more likely to fail and cause side-effects but the use of these alternatives increase the risk of antimicrobial resistance developing. So for all these reasons, the researchers propose that is worthwhile that all patients labelled as having an allergy to penicillins be re-evaluated. As a starting point, a comprehensive history should be taken. And while the reviewers acknowledge that, to date no allergy questionnaires have been validated in terms of defining risk levels, there are plenty of features in a history that can give a clue as to whether a person could safely be offered skin prick testing or a drug challenge. Broadly speaking, patients with a history of a minor rash, that was not significantly itchy that developed over the course of days into the course of the antibiotic are considered low-risk. This is opposed to people who have a history of developing a very pruritic rash within minutes to hours of taking the drug (which tends to indicate an IgE-mediated reaction) or people who experienced significant blistering and/or skin desquamation after taking penicillin (which generally represents a severe T-cell-mediated reaction). Among those patients whose rash-history suggests they are at low-risk, other factors should be considered before attempting a challenge. “Even in the context of low-risk allergy history, patients with unstable or compromised haemodynamic or respiratory status and pregnant patients should be considered as having at least a moderate-risk history,” they said. However, patients whose penicillin allergy history included non-allergic-type symptoms such gastrointestinal symptoms or patients who only have a family history of penicillin allergy should be considered at low-risk. Once the patient has been assessed as being at low-risk of having an acute allergic reaction, the study authors suggest they be given amoxicillin under medical observation. “For penicillin allergy, administration of 250mg of amoxicillin with one hour of observation demonstrates penicillin tolerance,” they said. Should the patient tolerate this dose of amoxicillin, it can be concluded that all beta-lactams can be administered safely, and the issue of cross-reactivity (between penicillin and cephalosporin which occurs in about 2% of truly penicillin-allergic people) is rendered irrelevant. Patients who are considered at moderate-risk of having an allergic reaction to penicillin, namely those patients with a history of urticaria or mild pruritic rashes but no anaphylaxis should be considered for skin-prick testing. Only those with a negative skin prick test should be considered for an oral drug challenge. People with a history of high-risk reactions – usually anaphylaxis should not be skin-prick tested or challenged. They might be considered for desensitisation programs but only in select circumstances and only under the close supervision of a specialist. All in all, the authors advocate health professionals not simply take the label of ‘allergic to penicillin’ as gospel. “Evaluation of penicillin allergy has substantial benefits for patients by allowing improved antimicrobial choice for treatment and prophylaxis,” they concluded.

Reference

Shenoy ES, Macy E, Rowe T, Blumenthal KT. Evaluation and Management of Penicillin Allergy: A Review. JAMA 2019 Jan 15; 321(2): 188-99. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2018.19283    
By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Bad News for Sinus Sufferers

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a misery-generating condition – literally. According to a large study just published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, having chronic rhinosinusitis significantly increases your risk of depression and anxiety. And if you also have nasal polyps the risk is higher still. The Korean study was admittedly observational but it did include almost 50,000 individuals from the general population and followed them up for 11 years. Researchers found, over the duration of the study, those people with chronic rhinosinusitis were 54% more likely to develop depression and 57% more likely to develop anxiety than those people who did not suffer this condition. And if nasal polyps accompanied the rhinosinusitis the increase in likelihood for both mental illnesses jumped to the early 60s (61% and 63% respectively). So what are the implications of this study? Well – they are fairly straightforward really. “Physicians should be aware of the potential comorbidities observed in patients with [chronic rhinosinusitis] and provide therapy to reduce the risk of depression and anxiety in these patients,” the study authors helpfully concluded. What we don’t know of course, being simply an observational study without any intervention to test, is whether effectively treating the rhinosinusitis helps the depression or anxiety, and importantly, whether surgically removing the polyps can make a difference to this psychological side-effect. The researchers actually even distance themselves from the conclusion that chronic rhinosinusitis causes depression and anxiety, citing the chicken and egg phenomena. “Whether depression and anxiety amplify the symptoms of [chronic rhinosinusitis] or whether these conditions are the consequence of [chronic rhinosinusitis]is unknown,” they said. But they do say their findings support previous research that has suggested an association between the conditions. They also say their study allowed analysis of the specific phenotype responsible for the chronic rhinosinusitis – whether it be predominantly T1 or T2 response derived. What they found was the association held true regardless of the phenotype – suggesting this was more to do with personality and symptoms than physiology. All in all, what the study authors suggest is that given how common chronic rhinosinusitis is in the population, it is worthwhile keeping a high indexation of suspicion for the development of depression and anxiety not only for the patients’ current quality of life but also because these conditions can affect health outcomes down the line. “[T]hese psychiatric comorbidities may influence not only the diagnosis of [chronic rhinosinusitis] but also its therapeutic and surgical outcomes,” the study authors said.  

Reference:

Kim JY, Ko I, Kim MS, Yu MS, Cho BJ, Kim DK. Association of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Depression and Anxiety in a Nationwide Insurance Population. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019 Feb 7.  DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.4103 [Epub ahead of print].
By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Jayne Lucke
  • Clinical Articles

One in Six Australian Women in Their 30s Have Had an Abortion – and We’re Starting to Understand Why

Abortion is a common experience for Australian women. Around one in six have had an abortion by their mid-30s, according our new research published today in the Australia New Zealand Journal of Public Health. Narratives about abortion often stigmatise women who have had one or seek access to one. But our research shows women from all walks of life may have an abortion: married, single, child-free, and mothers. In fact, women who have already had children are more likely to have a termination than those who haven’t. Women make decisions about whether or not to have an abortion in the context of their complex lives. And it’s by no means an easy decision. Our research investigated the factors associated with abortion as women move from their late teens into their mid-30s. We found women with lower levels of control over their reproductive health, whether through family violence, drug use or ineffective contraception, are more likely than their peers to terminate a pregnancy. If we want to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancies and abortion in Australia, we need to empower women to have control over their fertility and support them with appropriate health services.

Women’s experiences

We used data from five surveys of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health to examine factors associated with “induced” abortions which were not undertaken because of a foetal abnormality. We looked at a cohort of more than 9,000 women born between 1973-78 who were first surveyed at ages 18-23 years. At the fifth survey they were aged 31-36 years. Overall, by their mid-30s, 16% of the women in this study had reported at least one abortion. We also looked at the proportion of women who reported a new abortion at each survey. At the first survey, when women were aged 18-23, 7% reported having had an abortion. In subsequent surveys, 2-3% of women reported having an abortion since the last survey. While most women reported only one new abortion, around one in ten reported two abortions, and around 2% reported three abortions. Abortion is understandably more common for women when they are in their 20s than it is when women reach their 30s. This may be because many women in their 30s are actively trying to be pregnant, or may be using contraception more effectively if they’re trying to avoid becoming pregnant. Compared with married women, those who were in a de facto relationship, were single, or divorced were more likely to have had an abortion. Women with children were more likely to have an abortion than women who did not have children. In the fourth survey, the majority of women (72%) said they hoped to have one or two children, 20% wanted three or more, while 8% didn’t want to have children. Perhaps unsurprisingly, women who had an abortion in the later surveys were more likely to have previously reported using ineffective contraception, or to have had a past abortion, than women who didn’t terminate a pregnancy in their 30s. Women whose alcohol use had recently become riskier and women who reported using any illicit drugs in the past 12 months were also more likely to have an abortion. Violence was also a big factor. Women who recently experienced partner violence were more likely to terminate a pregnancy than women who reported no violence. Even women who reported childhood sexual abuse had a significantly increased likelihood of abortion in their twenties (but not in their 30s). In fact, women reporting violence of any kind, and at any time, had a significantly increased likelihood of having an abortion.

What can we do about it?

Australia is going through a much-needed process of law reform to ensure women across the country have access to abortions as part their women’s health service. Queensland is the most recent state to remove abortion from the criminal code. Alongside this, we need to improve training and resources to for health providers to identify and help women who may be at risk of unintended pregnancy, particularly those who are using illicit drugs or are experiencing partner violence. We need better ways of reaching all vulnerable women, but especially young women experiencing reproductive coercion. We also need to ensure that all women are provided with good access to information about effective contraceptive choices. While the oral contraceptive pill and condoms are the most common methods Australian women use, long-acting reversible methods (such as intra-uterine devices and implants) can be good options for many women wanting effective contraception.The Conversation

- Jayne Lucke, Chair, Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society, La Trobe University and Angela Taft, Professor and Director, La Trobe University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
By Jayne Lucke, Prof Angela Taft
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Night work increases miscarriage risk

Working as little as even two night shifts a week significantly increases a woman’s risk of miscarriage, Danish researchers say. Based on their analysis of data from a cohort of over 22,000 pregnant women primarily employed at hospitals, researchers found those women who worked two or more night shifts the previous week were 32% more like to have a miscarriage after week eight of their pregnancy, compared to women who did not work night shifts. In addition, increasing the number of night shifts and the number of consecutive night shifts during weeks three to 21 increased the risk of miscarriage even further in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, the study found no association between miscarriage and quick returns after a night shift (eg doing an evening shift after having completed a night shift the night before). The study findings, published recently in BMJ publication, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, support previous research that suggested a link between working nights and miscarriage. But previous studies had been limited by a lack of detailed data about the women’s exposure to night work which had meant the link between cause and effect could not be confirmed. Miscarriages are known to be very common with the researchers quoting the estimate that about one third of all human embryos are lost, most of them soon after conception. They also quote the figure that more than half of all miscarriages are the result of chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. The finding of the association between night work and miscarriage at week eight supports the hypothesis that it is the environmental exposure that is the risk factor, as miscarriages associated with chromosomal abnormalities have generally occurred earlier in the pregnancy. Night work is believed to be a threat to the viability of pregnancies because of its effect on maternal levels of endogenous melatonin, a hormone thought to play a role in optimal function of the placenta. Exposure to light at night along with the disruption of the normal circadian sleep-wake cycles associated with night work both decrease melatonin release. The study potentially has significant implications and ramifications. “This new knowledge has relevance for working pregnant women as well as their employers, physicians and midwifes,” the study authors said. “Moreover, the results could have implications for national occupational health regulations,” they concluded.

Reference

Begtrup LM, Specht IO, Hammer PEC, Flachs EM, Garde AH, Hansen J, et al. Night work and miscarriage: a Danish nationwide register-based cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2019 Mar 29. DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105592 [epub ahead of print]
By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Linda Calabresi
  • Clinical Articles

Mindfulness yoga best for Parkinson Disease

Patients with Parkinson Disease can now be prescribed a mind-body therapy that has a strong evidence-base of effectiveness. According to a randomised clinical trial published in JAMA Neurology, a program of mindfulness yoga will not only improve motor dysfunction and mobility at least as well as a program of standard stretching and resistance exercises but it will also significantly lessen anxiety symptoms and improve quality of life. While clinical practice guidelines have almost uniformly recommended exercise for patients with Parkinson’s, to date there has been no robust evidence that yoga is any better than any other physical exercise program. While the fact that this study shows that mindfulness yoga is equivalent to a conventional exercise program in terms of motor symptoms is of interest, the researchers say it is the improvement in depression and anxiety symptoms that is of most importance. These symptoms are common in Parkinson disease and are a major factor affecting these patients’ quality of life. “Considering that [Parkinson Disease] is not only a physically limiting condition but also a psychologically distressing life event, health care professionals should adopt a holistic approach in [Parkinson Disease] rehabilitation,” they wrote. Much of the clinically and statistically significant improvement in anxiety and depression symptoms seen in the study, the researchers attribute to the mindfulness component of the yoga therapy. The moderate to large psychological benefit of mindfulness yoga was said to be ‘remarkable’, as the patients assigned to receive this intervention attended a mean of only six sessions. The actual study was neither huge nor of long duration, however it was randomised and had ‘adequate statistical power to detect a clinically meaningful effect.’ The Hong Kong researchers randomised almost 190 patients with mild to moderate, idiopathic Parkinson Disease to either a weekly, 90-minute session of mindfulness yoga or a weekly 60-minute session of stretching and resistance training exercises. The intervention went for a period of eight weeks and both groups were encouraged to perform 20-minutes of home-based practice twice a week over the duration of the program. The participants were assessed at baseline, at eight weeks (immediately after the intervention) and then at 20 weeks. The assessments were conducted by independent assessors who were not aware of which intervention the patient had undertaken. Interestingly while the effects of both the interventions on motor symptoms and mobility were very similar straight after program, with benefits lessening at the 20 week mark (three months after the intervention had finished), the psychological benefit of mindfulness yoga seen at eight weeks was just as pronounced 12 weeks later at the 20 week mark. This suggests that a relatively short program of mindfulness yoga might have longer term benefits in helping patients with Parkinson Disease manage stress and symptoms, the study authors said. But, of course, further research is needed to compare different mindfulness practices, the long-term effectiveness and compliance. Nonetheless, the study authors say these study findings are sufficiently strong for doctors to at least consider recommending this type of therapy to patients with Parkinson Disease. “Future rehabilitation programs could consider integrating mindfulness skills into physical therapy to enhance the holistic well-being of people with neurodegenerative conditions,” they concluded.

Reference

Kwok JYY, Kwan JCY, Auyeung M, Mok VCT, Lau CKY, Choi KC, et al. Effects of Mindfulness Yoga vs Stretching and Resistance Training Exercises on Anxiety and Depression for People With Parkinson Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Apr 8. DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.0534
By Dr Linda Calabresi
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Dr Brett Montgomery
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Don’t kiss your kids? Questioning the recent advice about CMV in pregnancy

As many mothers will know, health professionals seem ever ready to stoke up guilt with their advice. Don’t smoke. Don’t drink. Have your vaccines. Take your folate tablets. Eat a nutritious diet, but avoid soft cheese, cured meat, food that’s been long in a fridge, or (the list goes on). Avoid cats. Don’t co-sleep. Breast is best. And if other women can manage all this, why can’t you? As reported this week, Australia’s college of obstetricians (RANZCOG) has just added another task to the burgeoning to-do lists of doctors and midwives. We’re now to tell women to try to avoid cytomegalovirus (CMV). They have reasons for doing so, but as a GP and academic, I find myself sceptical.

What is CMV, and why does it matter in pregnancy?

CMV is a widespread virus which often causes only a mild illness. Most adults have been infected with it in the past, and are immune. But it’s different in pregnancy. If a pregnant woman is not already immune to CMV, and if she catches the virus, it can sometimes infect her fetus. And when it does, sometimes this causes problems such as hearing loss, epilepsy or developmental delay. Though previously thought to be rare, researchers now think congenital CMV is under-recognised. They estimate that one or two in every 1,000 infants may develop symptoms from being born with CMV – not rare, but uncommon. The virus is spread through fluids such as saliva, snot and urine. Child-rearing is messy; if toddlers catch CMV, it’s easy for them to pass it on to non-immune parents.

The new guideline

So what are women now urged to do to avoid CMV? To quote from the new RANZCOG guideline:
  • Do not share food, drinks, or utensils used by children (under the age of three years)
  • Do not put a child’s dummy/soother in your mouth
  • Avoid contact with saliva when kissing a child (“kiss on the forehead not on the lips”)
  • Thoroughly wash your hands with soap and water for 15-20 seconds especially after changing nappies or feeding a young child or wiping a young child’s nose or saliva
  • Clean toys, countertops and other surfaces that come into contact with children’s urine or saliva.
Does that sound easy? If you think so, perhaps double-check with a friend who has young children. From my spot poll of parents, many feel that careful adherence to these rules would be unmanageable. Homes are not hospitals; interacting with our loved ones is not a sterile procedure. I can’t help but feel that we are setting mothers up to fail by introducing these standards, and thereby compounding the guilt they carry. Early parenthood is a risky time of life for mental health issues like depression. If we are to make new mothers feel guilty about such fundamental human interactions as sharing meals and kissing, won’t we intensify their stress at this vulnerable time? If mothers feel they must respond to a joyful kiss from their toddler not with reciprocation, but with admonishment – “not on the lips, darling, only the cheek” – mightn’t this affect their bonding with their child?

What about the evidence?

The stresses above might be worth enduring if there was good evidence that these behavioural changes made a difference. But I’m unconvinced. According to researchers who recently reviewed the world evidence, there are only three studies looking at whether hygiene and behaviour recommendations can prevent congenital CMV. The largest was a study comparing how often women in a maternity hospital picked up CMV before and after hygiene advice. Infected proportions changed from 0.42% before the advice to 0.19% afterwards. But “before-after” studies aren’t a reliable guide to cause-and-effect. The most susceptible women may just have caught CMV earlier, leaving only women at less risk left for the second phase of the study. The best study design to establish cause-and-effect is a “randomised controlled trial”, in which women are randomly allocated to receive hygiene advice or not. There are two such trials. One was tiny, and found no significant difference between the non-pregnant women it randomised to hygiene advice. Separately, they followed 14 pregnant women who were given hygiene advice, who all remained uninfected, but they weren’t randomised – there was no group of pregnant women without such advice to compare to. The bigger trial randomised 166 non-immune mothers of young children to either receive hygiene advice or not. Despite providing free soap and gloves to the hygiene group, and visiting these women every three months to monitor their behaviour, exactly 7.8% of women in each group caught CMV – no difference. Pregnant women who knew from special tests that their child was shedding CMV had a low infection rate – presumably this test result was a motivator for behaviour change. But this is evidence for the effect of testing, not of giving hygiene advice. So I can’t see convincing evidence that routine hygiene advice works – not without the addition of tests of mothers’ immunity and children’s viral status. And doing such tests is not part of the new RANZCOG guideline – indeed, it explicitly advises against routine testing.

So what should we do?

I’m really torn on this issue. My heart aches for the families of children severely affected by congenital CMV. They must carry a heavy burden of guilt, wondering if they could have prevented the infection. I understand their motivation to prevent further harms. I share their desire for more research on CMV prevention. But I am saddened, too, by the prospect of a generation of women taught to see their toddlers as dangerous, all in the name of preventive measures which remain unproven. What do you think? Perhaps we need a community conversation about balancing the trade-offs here: the uncertain prevention of serious but uncommon outcomes versus widespread anxiety about normal family behaviours. Meanwhile, it’s time for me to close my laptop, share a meal with my family, and, later, kiss my kids goodnight.The Conversation Brett Montgomery, Senior Lecturer in General Practice, University of Western Australia This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
By Dr Brett Montgomery

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